Important facts to know about Manipur Violence

Since February 2023, Manipur, a northeastern state of India, has been gripped by violent clashes between different ethnic groups. The most recent wave of unrest was triggered on May 3 when a tribal student union orchestrated a protest march opposing the non-tribal Meitei community’s push to be recognized as Scheduled Tribes (ST). Regrettably, the situation escalated into violence as certain demonstrators resorted to arson, targeting houses and shops owned by Meiteis in the Churachandpur district and other areas of the state. To regain control, the police have implemented a curfew and issued shoot-at-sight orders.

History of Tension

The conflict between the Meiteis and the tribals in Manipur stems from deep-rooted political, economic, and cultural grievances that have accumulated over time. The Meitei-dominated valley, which encompasses approximately 10% of Manipur’s land area, holds significant political influence. The Meiteis constitute over 64% of the state’s population and have a majority representation with 40 out of the 60 Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs).

On the other hand, the hills, which make up 90% of the state’s geography, are inhabited by more than 35% of the officially recognized tribes. Despite their substantial population, these tribes are underrepresented politically, with only 20 MLAs representing their interests in the Assembly.

In terms of religion, the Meiteis are predominantly Hindus, with a significant Muslim minority. However, the 33 recognized tribes, broadly categorized as “Any Naga tribes” and “Any Kuki tribes,” are largely followers of Christianity.

These contrasting demographics, along with the associated political, religious, and socio-economic factors, contribute to the complexities and tensions between the Meiteis and the tribal communities in Manipur.

Issue of Reservation

The Meiteis, who hold dominance in the Imphal Valley and make up approximately 64% of Manipur’s population, have been advocating for Scheduled Tribe (ST) status since 2012. They assert that they are an indigenous tribe that has experienced the loss of their land, culture, and identity due to migration and assimilation of outsiders over time. The Meiteis contend that obtaining ST status would aid in the preservation of their ancestral land, traditions, culture, and language.

On the other hand, the tribal communities residing in the surrounding hills, comprising over 35% of the state’s population, are opposed to the Meitei’s demand for ST status. They express concerns that granting ST status to the Meiteis would result in a reduction of their own political representation, reservation benefits, and land rights. The tribals further accuse the Meiteis of encroaching upon their ancestral lands and exploiting their natural resources.

These opposing perspectives on the issue of ST status have created tensions and conflict between the Meiteis and the tribals in Manipur. The dispute encompasses issues of political representation, distribution of resources, land rights, and preservation of cultural heritage. Resolving these grievances requires careful consideration of the concerns and aspirations of both communities to foster a harmonious coexistence in the state.

What is the cause of Manipur riots?

Tensions between the non-tribal Meitei community and other tribal groups reached a critical point in February 2023, following the initiation of an anti-drug campaign by the state government. This campaign specifically targeted poppy cultivation in the hill districts. However, the tribal groups perceived this drive as a means to unjustly remove them from their lands and accused the government of displaying favoritism towards the Meitei community.

Further exacerbating the situation, the Manipur High Court’s order on April 19 to expedite the recommendation process for granting Scheduled Tribe (ST) status to the Meiteis added fuel to the tribal sentiments. This development sparked widespread protests that culminated in a massive demonstration on May 3, amplifying the existing tensions between the two groups.

The conflict between these two communities has had severe consequences, leading to violence, unrest, and disruptions in the lives and livelihoods of both the Meiteis and the tribals. The resolution of these deep-rooted grievances requires careful consideration, dialogue, and a balanced approach that addresses the concerns and aspirations of both communities.